Descripción
c1850 Texian Campaigne Historical Staffordshire brown 10.25" bowl depicting the<br>1846 Battle of Palo Alto 1.75" deep, extremely rare. A few small flakes on<br>outside rim shown in pics. No large chips, no cracks, no crazing, stains, or<br>restorations. The "Texian Campaigne" transferware pattern was introduced about<br>1837; although made in Staffordshire, it was produced to appeal to Americans.<br>The pattern was designed to commemorate the 1835-1836 revolution fought against<br>Mexico by Texans for their independence (the word 'Texian' is the British form<br>for Texas.) The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a<br>rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Texas Mexicans) in<br>putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. While the<br>uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included<br>other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna,<br>the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas<br>insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel<br>Decree, declaring that any foreigners against Mexican troops "will be deemed<br>pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war<br>with the Republic and under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas<br>succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas, and<br>eventually being annexed by the United States.The revolution began in October<br>1835, after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican<br>government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas.<br>The Mexican government had become increasingly centralized and the rights of its<br>citizens had become increasingly curtailed, particularly regarding immigration<br>from the United States. Colonists and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate<br>goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While<br>delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's<br>motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the<br>small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation<br>declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose in<br>led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An<br>ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and<br>provisions from the fledgling Texian Army. In March 1836, a second political<br>convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic<br>of Texas.Determined to avenge Mexico's honor, Santa Anna vowed to personally<br>retake Texas. His Army of Operations entered Texas in mid-February 1836 and<br>found the Texians completely unprepared. Mexican General José de Urrea led a<br>contingent of troops on the Goliad Campaign up the Texas coast, defeating all<br>Texian troops in his path and executing most of those who surrendered. Santa<br>Anna led a larger force to San Antonio de Béxar (or Béxar), where his troops<br>defeated the Texian garrison in the Battle of the Alamo, killing almost all of<br>the defenders.A newly created Texian army under the command of Sam Houston was<br>constantly on the move, while terrified civilians fled with the army, in a melee<br>known as the Runaway Scrape. On March 31, Houston paused his men at Groce's<br>Landing on the Brazos River, and for the next two weeks, the Texians received<br>rigorous military training. Becoming complacent and underestimating the strength<br>of his foes, Santa Anna further subdivided his troops. On April 21, Houston's<br>army staged a surprise assault on Santa Anna and his vanguard force at the<br>Battle of San Jacinto. The Mexican troops were quickly routed, and vengeful<br>Texians executed many who tried to surrender. Santa Anna was taken hostage; in<br>exchange for his life, he ordered the Mexican army to retreat south of the Rio<br>Grande. Mexico refused to recognize the Republic of Texas, and intermittent<br>conflicts between the two countries continued into the 1840s. The annexation of<br>Texas as the 28th state of the United States, in 1845, led directly to the<br>Mexican–American War.tw178
