Descrizione
c1850 Texian Campaigne Historical Staffordshire brown Transferware 10.5" plate<br>James Beech Historical Texas Battle Scenes. 2 small crows lines on reverse, one<br>slightly visible on front, none go to edge of plate, and one small chip on back<br>rim of plate. One tight very old hairline that extends almost to footrim, slight<br>discoloration and overall crazing. No chips or restorations.The "Texian<br>Campaigne" transferware pattern was introduced about 1837; although made in<br>Staffordshire, it was produced to appeal to Americans. The pattern was designed<br>to commemorate the 1835-1836 revolution fought against Mexico by Texans for<br>their independence (the word 'Texian' is the British form for Texas.) The Texas<br>Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from<br>the United States and Tejanos (Texas Mexicans) in putting up armed resistance to<br>the centralist government of Mexico. While the uprising was part of a larger<br>one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the<br>regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed<br>the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of<br>annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any<br>foreigners against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as<br>such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and under<br>no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with<br>Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas, and eventually being annexed by the<br>United States.The revolution began in October 1835, after a decade of political<br>and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large<br>population of American settlers in Texas. The Mexican government had become<br>increasingly centralized and the rights of its citizens had become increasingly<br>curtailed, particularly regarding immigration from the United States. Colonists<br>and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return<br>to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation<br>(provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of<br>volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican<br>soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation declined to declare independence<br>and installed an interim government, whose in led to political paralysis and a<br>dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill-conceived proposal to invade<br>Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling<br>Texian Army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence<br>and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas.Determined to avenge<br>Mexico's honor, Santa Anna vowed to personally retake Texas. His Army of<br>Operations entered Texas in mid-February 1836 and found the Texians completely<br>unprepared. Mexican General José de Urrea led a contingent of troops on the<br>Goliad Campaign up the Texas coast, defeating all Texian troops in his path and<br>executing most of those who surrendered. Santa Anna led a larger force to San<br>Antonio de Béxar (or Béxar), where his troops defeated the Texian garrison in<br>the Battle of the Alamo, killing almost all of the defenders.A newly created<br>Texian army under the command of Sam Houston was constantly on the move, while<br>terrified civilians fled with the army, in a melee known as the Runaway Scrape.<br>On March 31, Houston paused his men at Groce's Landing on the Brazos River, and<br>for the next two weeks, the Texians received rigorous military training.<br>Becoming complacent and underestimating the strength of his foes, Santa Anna<br>further subdivided his troops. On April 21, Houston's army staged a surprise<br>assault on Santa Anna and his vanguard force at the Battle of San Jacinto. The<br>Mexican troops were quickly routed, and vengeful Texians executed many who tried<br>to surrender. Santa Anna was taken hostage; in exchange for his life, he ordered<br>the Mexican army to retreat south of the Rio Grande. Mexico refused to recognize<br>the Republic of Texas, and intermittent conflicts between the two countries<br>continued into the 1840s. The annexation of Texas as the 28th state of the<br>United States, in 1845, led directly to the Mexican–American War.tw178
